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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic etiology for a child with profound intellectual disabilities and obvious behavioral abnormalities.@*METHODS@#A male child who had presented at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University on December 2, 2020 was selected as the study subject. Peripheral blood samples of the child and his parents were collected and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis was carried out to determine its parental origin. The splicing variant was also validated in vitro with a minigene assay.@*RESULTS@#WES results revealed that the child had harbored a novel splicing variant of c.176-2A>G in the PAK3 gene, which was inherited from his mother. The results of minigene assay have confirmed aberrant splicing of exon 2. According to the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, it was classified as a pathogenic variant (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PP3).@*CONCLUSION@#The novel splicing variant c.176-2A>G of the PAK3 gene probably underlay the disorder in this child. Above finding has expanded the variation spectrum of the PAK3 gene and provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for this family.
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Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Exons , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Mothers , Mutation , p21-Activated Kinases/genetics , Parents , RNA SplicingABSTRACT
【Objective:】 To understand the current situation and influencing factors of ethical knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among clinical researchers, enhance their ethical awareness, and improve the quality of clinical researches. 【Methods:】 A self-designed questionnaire was used to conduct a convenient sampling survey of medical staff who have participated in clinical study. 【Results:】 A total of 6,021 subjects were investigated, with males accounting for 28.46% and females accounting for 71.53%. The average age of them was (37.47±11.46) years old. The total score of ethics and the mean scores of the three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and practice were (70.62±12.99), (59.63±12.50), (79.55±19.62) and (74.92±18.29), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that researchers with male, tertiary hospitals, doctors, ethics-related part-time jobs, postgraduate education, associate senior title or above, and training experience scored higher (P<0.05). 【Conclusion:】 Ethical attitudes have a significant mediating effect between knowledge and practice, accounting for 62.72% of the total effect. Researchers recognize the importance of ethics, but it is urgent to strengthen their knowledge learning and practical application.
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Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been reported to exert potential therapeutic value in gut microbiota dysbiosis.During FMT, the fecal material is transferred from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient via naso-gastric tube, enema, colonoscopy or oral capsules, aiming to reconstruct intestinal flora, ameliorate the dysbiotic state, control inflammation and modulate the immunity.FMT is recognized as a high-efficient and safe treatment option for recurrent clostridium difficile infection.It has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for clinical use in the USA.FMT is a safe and effective treatment for patients with infla-mmatory bowel disease or autism spectrum disorder.
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Objective To analyze bacterial epidemiological characteristics of adult foodborne diarrhea cases in Jinan from 2013 to 2019, and to provide references for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. Methods Using SPSS21.0, the pathogen detection results of 1513 adult diarrhea cases reported by the foodborne disease surveillance sentinel hospital in Jinan was analyzed. Results The positive detection rate of the pathogen of foodborne diarrhea in adults was 46.07%. Among these, the positive rate of bacterial infection was 30.60%, mainly Escherichia coli; the positive rate of norovirus infection was 20.29%, and the main infection genotype was GⅡ; and the positive rate of bacterial-virus infection was 4.82%. The difference in pathogen positive detection rates in different quarters was statistically significant (χ2=11.894, P=0.008). Bacterial infection was the main factor during the second to the fourth quarters, while viral infection became critical in the second and the fourth quarters. The top three suspected exposure foods were meat and meat products (18.77%), mixed foods (14.83%), and fruits and their products (14.35%). Conclusion The positive rate of adult foodborne diarrhea pathogens in Jinan is relatively high. It is recommended to increase sentinel monitoring hospitals. At the same time, the foodborne disease prevention and control measures should be developed based on seasonal changes, different age groups, and different characteristics of exposed food.
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We hereby reported the diagnosis,treatment process and perinatal outcome of a patient with COVID-19 in perinatal period.The pregnant woman delivered a boy by cesarean section at 37+2 gestational weeks due to severe liver dysfunction.She subsequently had a high fever 2 days later,and COVID-19 was confirmed by nucleic acid test in a throat swab.After a 12-day isolation and support treatment,her two consecutive throat swab results for 2019 novel coronavirus turned negative and she was discharged.The 2019 novel coronavirus was tested in the patient's blood,urine,breast milk as well as the neonatal throat swab,and the results were all negative.The neonate had an elevated myocardial enzyme,but was otherwise well and was discharged after 14-day isolation.
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Objective:To fully understand the maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 and explore the evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission of 2019-nCoV by analyzing clinical and laboratory information in peer-reviewed publications on COVID-19 in pregnant women.Methods:PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Academic Journals, and Wanfang Databases were searched to retrieve articles on COVID-19 in pregnancy published from December 1, 2019, to April 9, 2020. In addition, the World Health Organization COVID-19 Database and the reference lists in each included article were also searched. All included cases were positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid with maternal and neonatal outcomes regardless of delivery or not. Clinical manifestations, perinatal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed systematically.Results:This study reviewed 29 publications involving 146 pregnant women who tested positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid and their 116 newborns (including two twins). Five cases of severe COVID-19 and three cases of unidentified type that were admitted to ICU for treatment were severe symptoms, accounting for 5.5% (8/146) of all cases. Totally, 69.9% (102/146) of the women underwent cesarean section and 8.2% (12/146) gave birth vaginally. Thirty (20.5%) women continued their pregnancies. One case (0.7%, 1/146) terminated the pregnancy at 26 weeks of gestation due to bidirectional affective disorder and one (0.7%, 1/146) received artificial abortion at 6 weeks of gestation. Fever (58.2%, 85/146) and cough (32.9%, 48/146) were the most common symptoms. However, 15.8% (23/146) of the pregnant women were asymptomatic on admission and symptoms appeared or became worse after delivery in 20.5% (30/146). Lymphocytopenia (49.6%, 56/113) and elevated C-reactive protein (58.4%, 66/113) were the main laboratory findings. The most common computed tomography (CT) finding was bilateral multiple patchy ground-glass opacity in lungs (79.7%, 94/118). The outcomes of 92.2% (107/116) of the newborns were good, and the rest 7.8% (9/116) showed different abnormalities of varying degrees. Among the nine newborns, six showed different degrees of dyspnea, cyanosis and vomiting including one died of multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation; one tested positive for viral nucleic acid 36 hours after birth; one was stillbirth due to unknown reason, but intrauterine vertical transmission was excluded; one neonatal death in a critically ill mother undergoing cesarean delivery.Conclusions:Pregnant women are less likely to progress to severe COVID-19 and mostly have a good outcome. Despite reports of adverse neonatal outcomes, evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission of 2019-nCoV remains insufficient.
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We hereby reported the diagnosis, treatment process and perinatal outcome of a patient with novel coronavirus infection in perinatal period. The pregnant woman delivered a boy by cesarean section at 37+2 gestational weeks due to severe liver dysfunction. She subsequently had a high fever 2 days later, and novel coronavirus infection was confirmed by nucleic acid test in a throat swab. After a 12-day isolation and support treatment, her two consecutive throat swab results for novel coronavirus turned negative and she was discharged. The novel coronavirus was tested in the patient's blood, urine, breast milk as well as the neonatal throat swab, and the results were all negative. The neonate had an elevated myocardial enzyme, but was otherwise well and was discharged after 14-day isolation with normal myocardial enzyme.
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Objective To investigate the awareness,willingness,motivation,and influencing factors of outpatients for participating drug clinical trials,and provide references for decision-making of drug clinical trials.Methods An amnonymous survey was conducted in the departments of internal medicine,surgery,gynecology,and obstetrics of a randomly selected tertiary referral center,and the results were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 1 067 available questionnaires were received.The total awareness rate of clinical trials was 31.02％,which was closely correlated with age and the degree of education.40.86％ of respondents were willing to participate in drug clinical trials.And 55.28％ of them chose yes because of the willingness to contribute to the development of medical science.People having cognition on clinical trials had more willingness to participate in drug(OR:1.361,95 ％ CI:1.042-1.777).59.14％ of the respondents refused to participate in drug clinical trials,68.62％ of whom refusing to participate mainly worried about the safety of drugs.57.37％ of the respondents comfirmed that they might change their idea if experts were involved.41.33％ were willing to accept training about clinical trials.Conclusion Investigators'overall cognition on clinical trials is closely correlated with the willingness to participate in drug clinical trials.There should propagandize drug clinical trials to make sure the improvement of drug clinical trial progress.
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Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of Foley catheter (FC) and prostaglandins (PG) for cervical ripening used in labor induction of late pregnant women with unfavorable cervix. Methods Several databases including Cochrane Library,Embase,PubMed,Elsevier,Wanfang Medical Database, CNKI, VIP were searched for collecting the related literatures according to criteria for inclusion and exclusion.Meta analysis was performed by applying software Review Manager 5.2. Results Thirty randomized controlled trials were included.The FC group presented significantly lower risk of excessive uterine contraction [OR= 0.38,95%CI(0.19,0.75),P<0.05] than the PG group.There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of Cesarean section rate, vaginal delivery rate, Bishop score improvement, duration of induction to delivery, neonatal birth weight, or in neonatal outcome. Conclusion This study shows that FC has good promoting effect of cervical maturity and maternal￣ neonatal outcomes, and rarely produces excessive uterine contraction.It is safe and equally effective as PG does.The approach is easy to operate and worth to apply in clinical use.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mechanisms of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in stimulating invasion and metastatic colonization of ovarian cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The metastatic ability in vivo of ovarian cancer SK-OV3, HEY, OVCAR3, and IGROV1 cells was determined in tumor-bearing nude mouse models. Matrigel assay was used to detect the changes of response in vitro of ovarian cancer cells to LPA after Rac(-) or Rac(+) adenovirus treatment. LPA-induced Rho GTPase activation was detected by GST-fusion protein binding assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The peritoneal metastatic colonization assay showed overt metastatic colonization in mice receiving SK-OV3 and HEY cell inoculation, indicating that they are invasive cells. Metastatic colonization was not detected in animals receiving OVCAR3 and IGROV1 cells, indicating that these cells are non-invasive cells. In the matrigel invasion assay, exposure to LPA led to a notably greater migratory response in metastatic SK-OV3 and HEY cells (Optical density: SK-OV3 cells: 0.594±0.023 vs. 1.697±0.049, P<0.01; HEY cells: 0.804±0.070 vs. 1.851±0.095, P<0.01). But LPA did little in the non-metastatic OVCAR3 and IGROV1 cells (Optical density A: OVCAR3 cells: 0.336±0.017 vs. 0.374±0.007, P>0.05; IGROV1 cells: 0.491±0.036 vs. 0.479±0.061, P>0.05). LPA migratory responses of ovarian cancer cells were closely related to their metastatic colonization capabilities (r = 0.983, P<0.05). Rac(-) blocked the LPA response of invasive SK-OV3 and HEY cells (LPA-induced fold increase of cell migration: SK-OV3 cells: 2.988±0.095 vs. 0.997±0.100,P=0.01; HEY cells: 2.404±0.059 vs. 0.901±0.072, P=0.01). But Rac(+) confered the non-invasive cells with LPA response and invasion capability (LPA-induced fold increase of cell migration: OVCAR3 cells: 1.072±0.080 vs. 1.898±0.078, P<0.01; IGROV1 cells: 1.002±0.044 vs. 2.141±0.057, P<0.05). Among Rho GTPases, only Rac activation was different between ovarian cancer cell lines with different metastatic capability after LPA stimulation: Cdc42 could not be activated in both the invasive and non-invasive cell lines. RhoA could be activated in both the invasive and non-invasive cell lines. Rac could be activated by LPA in the invasive ovarian cancer cell lines. However, Rac could not be activated in the non-invasive cell lines.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells through Rac activation.</p>
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Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Cell Movement , Lysophospholipids , Metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms , Metabolism , Tumor Cells, Cultured , rho GTP-Binding Proteins , rhoA GTP-Binding ProteinABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the situation of mother to child transmission of HIV after mothers acquired HIV prenatally or before pregnancy and the related factors. Methods Two hundred and seventy-seven mothers who acquired HIV prenatally or before pregnancy and their 322children from Yi-ning city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and some counties of central China were enrolled in this study from January 2000 to December 2009.Subtypes of HIV were determined by detection of Gag sequence,the rate of HIV transmission from mother to child was calculated and its related factors were analyzed by Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe HIV subtype of all mothers who were infected through blood (n=174) was B'.The major subtype of mothers who were infected via sexuality (n =58) was recombined subtype CRF01-BC (n=35) and CRF-AE (n=20),accounting for 60.3％ and 34.5％,respectively,and only 3 mothers with B'subtype (5.2％).Twelve infants died before HIV detection,and 108 infants out of the rest 310infants were found to be HIV positive, giving the HIV mother-to-child transmission rate of 34.8％ (95％ CI:29.5％-40.1％).The infection rate of bottle feeding infants was lower than that of breastfeeding infants [12.5％ (6/48) vs 38.9％ (102/262),x2 =12.484,P=0.000].The infection rate of the infants whose mothers' HIV infection ＜7 years was lower than that of the infants whose mothers' HIV infection ≥7 years [28.8％ (46/160) vs 54.2％ (32/59),x2 =12.211,P=0.000].Multi-factor Logistic analysis showed that the duration of maternal HIV infection (OR =1.342,95％ CI:1.189-1.515,P=0.000) and duration of breastfeeding (OR =1.137,95％ CI:1.053-1.227,P=0.001) were risk factors of HIV vertical transmission.ConclusionsThe HIV subtypes might be associated with transmission route.Formula feeding could decrease the vertical transmission rate of HIV,while long duration of maternal HIV infection and breastfeeding might increase the vertical transmission rate of HIV.
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This study examined the impact of 935MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on embryo implantation of pregnant mice. Each 7-week-old Kunming (KM) female white mouse was set up with a KM male mouse in a single cage for mating overnight after induction of ovulation. In the first three days of pregnancy, the pregnant mice was exposed to electromagnetic radiation at low-intensity (150 μW/cm(2), ranging from 130 to 200 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), mid-intensity (570 μW/cm(2), ranging from 400 to 700 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day) or high-intensity (1400 μW/cm(2), ranging from 1200 to 1500 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), respectively. On the day 4 after gestation (known as the window of murine embryo implantation), the endometrium was collected and the suspension of endometrial glandular cells was made. Laser scanning microscopy was employed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium ion concentration. In high-intensity, 2- and 4-h groups, mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The calcium ion concentration was increased in low-intensity 2-h group but decreased in high-intensity 4-h group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells between low- or mid-intensity groups and the normal control group, indicating stronger intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and longer length of the radiation are required to inflict a remarkable functional and structural damage to mitochondrial membrane. Our data demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation with a 935-MHz phone for 4 h conspicuously decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered the calcium ion concentration of endometrial glandular cells. It is suggested that high-intensity electromagnetic radiation is very likely to induce the death of embryonic cells and decrease the chance of their implantation, thereby posing a high risk to pregnancy.
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This study examined the impact of 935MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on embryo implantation of pregnant mice. Each 7-week-old Kunming (KM) female white mouse was set up with a KM male mouse in a single cage for mating overnight after induction of ovulation. In the first three days of pregnancy, the pregnant mice was exposed to electromagnetic radiation at low-intensity (150 μW/cm(2), ranging from 130 to 200 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), mid-intensity (570 μW/cm(2), ranging from 400 to 700 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day) or high-intensity (1400 μW/cm(2), ranging from 1200 to 1500 μW/cm(2), for 2- or 4-h exposure every day), respectively. On the day 4 after gestation (known as the window of murine embryo implantation), the endometrium was collected and the suspension of endometrial glandular cells was made. Laser scanning microscopy was employed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium ion concentration. In high-intensity, 2- and 4-h groups, mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The calcium ion concentration was increased in low-intensity 2-h group but decreased in high-intensity 4-h group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells between low- or mid-intensity groups and the normal control group, indicating stronger intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and longer length of the radiation are required to inflict a remarkable functional and structural damage to mitochondrial membrane. Our data demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation with a 935-MHz phone for 4 h conspicuously decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered the calcium ion concentration of endometrial glandular cells. It is suggested that high-intensity electromagnetic radiation is very likely to induce the death of embryonic cells and decrease the chance of their implantation, thereby posing a high risk to pregnancy.
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Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Electromagnetic Radiation , Embryo Implantation , Physiology , Endometrium , Physiology , Epithelial Cells , PhysiologyABSTRACT
This study examined the methylation difference in AIRE and RASSF1A between maternal and placental DNA, and the implication of this difference in the identification of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma and in prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. Maternal plasma samples were collected from 388 singleton pregnancies, and placental or chorionic villus tissues from 112 of them. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion followed by fluorescent quantitative PCR (MSRE + PCR) were employed to detect the maternal-fetal methylation difference in AIRE and RASSF1A. Diagnosis of trisomy 21 was established according to the ratio of fetal-specific AIRE to RASSF1A in maternal plasma. Both methods confirmed that AIRE and RASSF1A were hypomethylated in maternal blood cells but hypermethylated in placental or chorionic villus tissues. Moreover, the differential methylation for each locus could be seen during the whole pregnant period. The positive rates of fetal AIRE and RASSF1A in maternal plasma were found to be 78.1% and 82.1% by MSP and 94.8% and 96.9% by MSRE + PCR. MSRE + PCR was superior to MSP in the identification of fetal-specific hypermethylated sequences (P<0.05). Based on the data from 266 euploidy pregnancies, the 95% reference interval of the fetal AIRE/RASSF1A ratio in maternal plasma was 0.33-1.77, which was taken as the reference value for determining the numbers of fetal chromosome 21 in 102 pregnancies. The accuracy rate in 98 euploidy pregnancies was 96.9% (95/98). Three of the four trisomy 21 pregnancies were confirmed with this method. It was concluded that hypermethylated AIRE and RASSF1A may serve as fetal-specific markers for the identification of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and may be used for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21.
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Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of levornidazole in the treatment of pelvic anaerobic infections. Methods A multicenter randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of levornidazole. One hundred and fourty-three patients with pelvic anaerobic bacteria infection were classified into 70 cases treated by levornidazole in study group and 73 cases treated by Ornidazole in control group. Those patients in two groups were both administered at a dose of 0. 5 g twice daily for 5 - 7 days. The rate of clinical efficacy, bacteria clearance and adverse effect were recorded and compared between two groups. Results At the endpoint, the rate of clinical efficacy were 80% (56/70) in study group and 81% (59/73) in control group, which did not reach significant difference (P＞0. 05). The rate of bacteria clearance were 97% (36/37) in study group and 92% (22/24) in control group, which also did not reach significant difference(P ＞0. 05). The rate of adverse reaction of 3% (20/70) in study group was significantly lower than 22% ( 16/73 ) in control group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion It is effective and safe to treat pelvic anaerobic infections with levornidazole and sodium chloride injection.
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Objective To understand the existing deficiency in the work of preventing HIV transmission from mother to child.Methods The diagnostic occasions of 179 HIV positive pregnant women(189 pregnant times)in some counties in Hubei,Shanxi,and Hebei were collected,including measures for prevention.The reasons for the missing prevention for HIV positive pregnant women were analyzed.Results The HIV positive rate in pregnant women in the counties enrolled in this study was 0.26‰.Percentage of HIV pregnant women who were found in antepartum,intrapartum,and postpartum were 66.7%,7.4%,and 25.9% respectively.Some HIV positive pregnant women missed the prevention in all of three periods.In HIV positive pregnant women found antepartum,some rejected prevention.The missing reason for HIV positive pregnant women found intrapartum failed to get ARV drug.HIV positive pregnant women found postpartum missed the prevention.Conclusions There is some progress in the work of preventing HIV transmission from mother to child in China,but some HIV positive pregnant women can not be detected in time,and the percentage of HIV pregnant women who have received comprehensive measures is low.The work of PMTCT therefore needs to be improved.
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Objective To investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 2, 9 (MMP 2, MMP 9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 1(TIMP 2, TIMP 1 ) in human amniochorionic membrane Methods Amniochorionic membranes were collected from the following groups of women: (1) women with spontaneous premature rupture of membrane (PROM) before onset of labor (PROM group, n =8), (2) Women with term labor after vaginal delivery (vaginal delivery group, n =8), (3) Women undergoing elective cesarean section (C section group, n =8) Messenger ribonucleic acid expression for MMP 2, MMP 9, and their specific inhibitors TIMP 2 and TIMP 1 were studied with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Results (1)MMP 2 level in PROM group was 0 849?0 037;in vaginal delivery group 0 327?0 023;in C section group 0 307?0 028 Expression in PROM group was highest, with significant difference compared with the other groups ( P 0 05) (2)MMP 9 level in PROM group was 0 026?0 004;in vaginal delivery group 0 008?0 001,with significant difference between the two groups ( P 0 05) Conclusions In PROM group,the expression of MMP 2, MMP 9 and their inhibitors TIMP 2, TIMP 1 is imbalanced, leading to increased extracellular matrix degradation, and weakening of the fetal membranes, and eventually premature rupture of the membranes
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C - phycocyanin (C - PC) was isolated and purified from blue - green alga Spirulina platensis. By using the thechnique of culture of hemopoietic progenitor cell in vitro, we studied the effect of C -PC on granulopoiesis and monocytopoiesis in mice. The results indicate that C -PC can enhance the proliferation of CFU -GM, promote the granulopoiesis and monocytopoiesis in mice. The C -PC can markedly increase the colony stimulating activity of serum in normal mice. The prepared serum -free spleen cell conditioned media stimulated by C -PC in vivo and in vitro provided the only increase in CFU - GM colony formation. After in -vitro addition of C -PC in the presence of GM -CSF, there was a pronounced increase in the number of CFU -GM colonies.
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Objective To study the relationship between microwave radiation exposure during pregnancy and the offspring health. Methods The pregnant Kunming mice were divided into 3 groups and exposed to microwave radiation of 0, 570 and 1 400 ?W/cm2 respectively. The bone marrow cells of the offspring were collected for the determination of chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus frequency (MNF). Results SCE showed a significant change in high intensity group, as for CA and MNF, no significant change was seen compared with the control. Conclusion Microwave radiation exposure during pregnancy may induce germ plasm damages in the offspring.